This empirical study investigates the relationship between mindfulness and online engagement among Bangladeshi English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners during the Covid-19 pandemic. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative data from the Langer Mindfulness Scale (LMS) and the Online Student Engagement Scale (OSES) with qualitative data from open-ended responses. A total of 215 university students participated in the study, providing insights into their mindfulness levels and engagement in online learning. Quantitative analyses, including descriptive and regression analyses, revealed no significant correlation between mindfulness and online engagement. Reliability analysis indicated that while the OSES demonstrated acceptable internal consistency for this population, the LMS showed poor reliability across subscales, raising concerns about its validity for Bangladeshi EFL students. Qualitative data were analysed using descriptive phenomenology, which highlighted a shift in students' locus of control during online learning, often manifesting as feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. Participants reported that mindfulness practices did not adequately mitigate pandemic-related stress or support their engagement. The findings suggest that mindfulness alone may not be effective in enhancing student engagement in online EFL contexts within non-Western settings. The study calls for policymakers to prioritise the development of resilient online learning infrastructures, improve internet accessibility, and incorporate culturally sensitive approaches to student well-being in digital education environments.

This article examines the ethical imperatives of migration health, focusing on displaced populations such as the Rohingya and Syrian refugees. Forced migration, driven by conflict, persecution, and climate disasters, presents profound ethical challenges to global healthcare systems. Utilizing deontological ethics, utilitarianism, and human rights‐based approaches, the research addresses key principles like justice, equity, autonomy, and non‐maleficence in healthcare provision for refugees. Empirical insights reveal significant barriers to healthcare access for displaced populations, including systemic discrimination, resource scarcity, and cultural constraints. Ethical dilemmas are particularly evident in resource allocation, prioritization of acute over chronic conditions, and neglect of mental health services. Through case studies from Rohingya camps in Bangladesh and Syrian refugee settings in Turkey and Jordan, the study highlights inequities in healthcare delivery, exacerbated by cultural and logistical challenges. The article emphasizes on culturally sensitive training, participatory healthcare design, and equitable resource distribution as critical pathways to ethical healthcare. Policy recommendations include prioritizing mental health, harmonizing national policies with international human rights law, and fostering global accountability frameworks.

The expansion of empires and colonial rule significantly shaped the movement of religious communities, practices, and institutions across borders. This article examines the intersections of empire, colonialism, and religious mobility with a view to exploring how colonial administrations facilitated, restricted, or co-opted religious movements for governance and control. Religious actors—such as missionaries, clerics, traders, and diasporic communities—played roles in transnational exchanges, carrying faith traditions across imperial networks while simultaneously influencing local spiritual landscapes. The study situates religious mobility within the broader framework of colonial power structures and analyzes how missionary enterprises, religious conversions, and statesponsored religious policies were used to consolidate imperial control. It also considers how indigenous religious movements navigated, resisted, or transformed under colonial rule. The case studies include Christian missionary networks in British and French colonies, the movement of Islamic scholars across the Ottoman and Mughal empires, and the role of Buddhism in colonial southeast Asia. These examples highlight the role of religion not just as a tool of empire but as a vehicle for indigenous agency, resistance, and syncretic transformation. This article explores the transnational mobility of religious artifacts, sacred texts, and pilgrimage networks, demonstrating how colonial expansion altered religious landscapes beyond political boundaries. The study critically engages with postcolonial perspectives to interrogate how colonial legacies continue to shape contemporary religious diasporas and global faith-based movements.